语用学














语言学

理论语言学


  • 语音学

  • 音韵学

  • 构词学

  • 语法学


  • 语义学

    • 词汇语义学

    • 结构语义学

    • 原型语义学



  • 语用学




应用语言学


  • 心理语言学

  • 社会语言学

  • 生成語言學

  • 認知語言學

  • 神经语言学

  • 计算语言学


  • 共时语言学
    • 对照语言学



  • 歷史語言學
    • 比较语言学



  • 文体学

    • 规范语言学

    • 语源学



  • 语料库语言学



其他


  • 語言學史

  • 语言学家列表

  • 未解的問題








語用學英语:Pragmatics)是語言學的一個分支學科,與符號學理論相互交叉、滲透,研究語境對語言含義產生的影響與做出的貢獻。語用學包括言語行為理論、對話內涵義、交流中的對話,以及從哲學、社會學、語言學及人類學等角度解析人類語言行為的研究。


語用學分析研究語言行為(如招呼、回答、勸說)的文化準繩與發言規則。語用學還研究語言用於成事的方式。


不同的文化之間皆有約定俗成、客套的對話,為了避免跨文化交流之中,因為語言規範的差異而在交談之中產生誤解,社會語言學的知識與務實能力是語言學習者所不能忽視的。



參見




  • 語義學 · 語法學


  • 語言學 · 符號學

  • 應用語言學



參考文獻


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  • Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.

  • Ariel, Mira (2008), Pragmatics and Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


  • Ariel, Mira. Defining Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-73203-1. 

  • Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. (1978) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.


  • Carston, Robyn (2002) Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.


  • Clark, Herbert H. (1996) "Using Language". Cambridge University Press.

  • Cole, Peter, ed.. (1978) Pragmatics. (Syntax and Semantics, 9). New York: Academic Press.


  • Dijk, Teun A. van. (1977) Text and Context. Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman.


  • Grice, H. Paul. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.

  • Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward. (2005) The Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell.

  • Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.


  • Levinson, Stephen C. (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.


  • Levinson, Stephen C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.

  • Lin, G. H. C., & Perkins, L. (2005). Cross-cultural discourse of giving and accepting gifts. International Journal of Communication, 16,1-2, 103-12 (ERIC Collections in ED 503685 http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED503685.pdf)


  • Mey, Jacob L. (1993) Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).

  • Kepa Korta and John Perry. (2006) Pragmatics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

  • Potts, Christopher. (2005) The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


  • Robinson, Douglas. (2003). Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things With Words. London and New York: Routledge.

  • Robinson, Douglas. (2006). Introducing Performative Pragmatics. London and New York: Routledge.

  • Sperber, Dan and Wilson, Deirdre. (2005) Pragmatics. In F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy. OUP, Oxford, 468-501. (Also available here.)

  • Thomas, Jenny (1995) Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Longman.

  • Verschueren, Jef. (1999) Understanding Pragmatics. London, New York: Arnold Publishers.

  • Verschueren, Jef, Jan-Ola Östman, Jan Blommaert, eds. (1995) Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.


  • Watzlawick, Paul, Janet Helmick Beavin and Don D. Jackson (1967) Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.


  • Wierzbicka, Anna (1991) Cross-cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

  • Yule, George (1996) Pragmatics (Oxford Introductions to Language Study). Oxford University Press.

  • Silverstein, Michael. 1976. "Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description," in Meaning and Anthropology, Basso and Selby, eds. New York: Harper & Row

  • Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell.

  • Duranti, Alessandro. (1997). "Linguistic Anthropology". Cambridge University Press.

  • Carbaugh, Donal. (1990). "Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact." LEA.




外部連結



  • International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)

  • Journal of Pragmatics

  • "What is Pragmatics?" (eprint) by Shaozhong Liu


  • European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA), a (wiki)project in comparative pragmatics directed by Joachim Grzega.





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