Meaning of nominal sentence











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I have some trouble with the last sentence of this paragraph from Huxley's "The Struggle for Existence in Human Society" (1888) (https://archive.org/details/a588314000huxluoft/page/n223):




The history of civilization–that is, of society–on the other hand, is
the record of the attempts which the human race has made to escape
from this position. The first men who substituted the state of mutual
peace for that of mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them
to take that step, created society. But, in establishing peace, they
obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. Between the
members of that society, at any rate, it was not to be pursued à
outrance
. And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
that most nearly approaches perfection in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




Does this translate into more modern/simpler English to the following?




And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
[the shape] that most nearly approaches perfection [is the one]
in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




What troubles me is that the verb be seems to be omitted. Was that acceptable in 19th century English? I am only familiar with this in other languages (say Russian or Latin).
Or am I misunderstanding this sentence?










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  • It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
    – Barmar
    3 hours ago










  • I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
    – Hot Licks
    1 hour ago















up vote
0
down vote

favorite












I have some trouble with the last sentence of this paragraph from Huxley's "The Struggle for Existence in Human Society" (1888) (https://archive.org/details/a588314000huxluoft/page/n223):




The history of civilization–that is, of society–on the other hand, is
the record of the attempts which the human race has made to escape
from this position. The first men who substituted the state of mutual
peace for that of mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them
to take that step, created society. But, in establishing peace, they
obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. Between the
members of that society, at any rate, it was not to be pursued à
outrance
. And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
that most nearly approaches perfection in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




Does this translate into more modern/simpler English to the following?




And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
[the shape] that most nearly approaches perfection [is the one]
in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




What troubles me is that the verb be seems to be omitted. Was that acceptable in 19th century English? I am only familiar with this in other languages (say Russian or Latin).
Or am I misunderstanding this sentence?










share|improve this question









New contributor




Cimbali is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




















  • It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
    – Barmar
    3 hours ago










  • I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
    – Hot Licks
    1 hour ago













up vote
0
down vote

favorite









up vote
0
down vote

favorite











I have some trouble with the last sentence of this paragraph from Huxley's "The Struggle for Existence in Human Society" (1888) (https://archive.org/details/a588314000huxluoft/page/n223):




The history of civilization–that is, of society–on the other hand, is
the record of the attempts which the human race has made to escape
from this position. The first men who substituted the state of mutual
peace for that of mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them
to take that step, created society. But, in establishing peace, they
obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. Between the
members of that society, at any rate, it was not to be pursued à
outrance
. And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
that most nearly approaches perfection in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




Does this translate into more modern/simpler English to the following?




And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
[the shape] that most nearly approaches perfection [is the one]
in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




What troubles me is that the verb be seems to be omitted. Was that acceptable in 19th century English? I am only familiar with this in other languages (say Russian or Latin).
Or am I misunderstanding this sentence?










share|improve this question









New contributor




Cimbali is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











I have some trouble with the last sentence of this paragraph from Huxley's "The Struggle for Existence in Human Society" (1888) (https://archive.org/details/a588314000huxluoft/page/n223):




The history of civilization–that is, of society–on the other hand, is
the record of the attempts which the human race has made to escape
from this position. The first men who substituted the state of mutual
peace for that of mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them
to take that step, created society. But, in establishing peace, they
obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. Between the
members of that society, at any rate, it was not to be pursued à
outrance
. And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
that most nearly approaches perfection in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




Does this translate into more modern/simpler English to the following?




And of all the successive shapes which society has taken,
[the shape] that most nearly approaches perfection [is the one]
in which the war of individual
against individual is most strictly limited.




What troubles me is that the verb be seems to be omitted. Was that acceptable in 19th century English? I am only familiar with this in other languages (say Russian or Latin).
Or am I misunderstanding this sentence?







meaning grammar meaning-in-context zero-copula






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edited 1 hour ago





















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Cimbali is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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  • It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
    – Barmar
    3 hours ago










  • I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
    – Hot Licks
    1 hour ago


















  • It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
    – Barmar
    3 hours ago










  • I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
    – Hot Licks
    1 hour ago
















It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
– Barmar
3 hours ago




It could also be "that which most nearly approaches...". But agree with you about the missing verb phrase.
– Barmar
3 hours ago












I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
– Hot Licks
1 hour ago




I believe your translation is more or less correct. It's written in a starchy style that many English philosophers preferred back then, but which often leads to ambiguity or simply confusion when read by a modern reader.
– Hot Licks
1 hour ago










1 Answer
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The primary verb in this sentence is "approaches". To see that, let's start paring off the extraneous bits.



Instead of "And of all the successive shapes which society has taken," let's just say "of all shapes".



Instead of "in which the war of individual against individual is most strictly limited," let's just say "in which war is limited".



The sentence now reads as "Of all shapes, that most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Since the first "that" translates to "that shape out of all shapes", we can rewrite this as "That shape most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Even more simply, we can say "That shape in which war is limited most nearly approaches perfection."



Ergo, "that shape" is the subject of the sentence, and "approaches" is the main verb.






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    up vote
    0
    down vote













    The primary verb in this sentence is "approaches". To see that, let's start paring off the extraneous bits.



    Instead of "And of all the successive shapes which society has taken," let's just say "of all shapes".



    Instead of "in which the war of individual against individual is most strictly limited," let's just say "in which war is limited".



    The sentence now reads as "Of all shapes, that most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Since the first "that" translates to "that shape out of all shapes", we can rewrite this as "That shape most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Even more simply, we can say "That shape in which war is limited most nearly approaches perfection."



    Ergo, "that shape" is the subject of the sentence, and "approaches" is the main verb.






    share|improve this answer

























      up vote
      0
      down vote













      The primary verb in this sentence is "approaches". To see that, let's start paring off the extraneous bits.



      Instead of "And of all the successive shapes which society has taken," let's just say "of all shapes".



      Instead of "in which the war of individual against individual is most strictly limited," let's just say "in which war is limited".



      The sentence now reads as "Of all shapes, that most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Since the first "that" translates to "that shape out of all shapes", we can rewrite this as "That shape most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Even more simply, we can say "That shape in which war is limited most nearly approaches perfection."



      Ergo, "that shape" is the subject of the sentence, and "approaches" is the main verb.






      share|improve this answer























        up vote
        0
        down vote










        up vote
        0
        down vote









        The primary verb in this sentence is "approaches". To see that, let's start paring off the extraneous bits.



        Instead of "And of all the successive shapes which society has taken," let's just say "of all shapes".



        Instead of "in which the war of individual against individual is most strictly limited," let's just say "in which war is limited".



        The sentence now reads as "Of all shapes, that most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Since the first "that" translates to "that shape out of all shapes", we can rewrite this as "That shape most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Even more simply, we can say "That shape in which war is limited most nearly approaches perfection."



        Ergo, "that shape" is the subject of the sentence, and "approaches" is the main verb.






        share|improve this answer












        The primary verb in this sentence is "approaches". To see that, let's start paring off the extraneous bits.



        Instead of "And of all the successive shapes which society has taken," let's just say "of all shapes".



        Instead of "in which the war of individual against individual is most strictly limited," let's just say "in which war is limited".



        The sentence now reads as "Of all shapes, that most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Since the first "that" translates to "that shape out of all shapes", we can rewrite this as "That shape most nearly approaches perfection in which war is limited." Even more simply, we can say "That shape in which war is limited most nearly approaches perfection."



        Ergo, "that shape" is the subject of the sentence, and "approaches" is the main verb.







        share|improve this answer












        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer










        answered 1 hour ago









        Allen R. Brady

        51724




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