MK2 Golf 1.3 1985 cuts out after starting












3















I have a 1.3 VW Golf running a Pierburg 2e3 carb which has been off the road for at least 7 years. The problem I currently have is that the engine immediately cuts out when the key is in the run position in the ignition. There are no issues starting the car it fires up straight away.



Since owning the car, I've replaced the following with new parts:




  • Battery

  • Spark plugs

  • Ignition switch

  • Starter motor

  • In line fuel filter


I've also stripped the carb (to the best of my ability) and replaced a couple of gaskets and diaphragms.



The engine gets fuel. I've removed the hose to the carb whilst cranking and see a good flow. Checking the spark plugs and they're wet.



I've not changed the ignition (HT) leads, but in my mind if the engine starts then they must be fine. Perhaps that is wrong? Likewise the ignition coil.



The only time I have had the engine running for any length of time was when I sprayed carb cleaner in to the carb. It immediately stalled when I moved the throttle.



One thing to note is that there is, I believe, a factory Quantum alarm installed. I don't have a fob for it, but the light in the cabin has never illuminated so perhaps it might not be armed. I wonder though if this might be acting as an immobiliser too, but I've not been able to find too much information about it online.



I'm hoping for some suggestions on what I can investigate over and above what I've already done.



Thanks
Mike










share|improve this question





























    3















    I have a 1.3 VW Golf running a Pierburg 2e3 carb which has been off the road for at least 7 years. The problem I currently have is that the engine immediately cuts out when the key is in the run position in the ignition. There are no issues starting the car it fires up straight away.



    Since owning the car, I've replaced the following with new parts:




    • Battery

    • Spark plugs

    • Ignition switch

    • Starter motor

    • In line fuel filter


    I've also stripped the carb (to the best of my ability) and replaced a couple of gaskets and diaphragms.



    The engine gets fuel. I've removed the hose to the carb whilst cranking and see a good flow. Checking the spark plugs and they're wet.



    I've not changed the ignition (HT) leads, but in my mind if the engine starts then they must be fine. Perhaps that is wrong? Likewise the ignition coil.



    The only time I have had the engine running for any length of time was when I sprayed carb cleaner in to the carb. It immediately stalled when I moved the throttle.



    One thing to note is that there is, I believe, a factory Quantum alarm installed. I don't have a fob for it, but the light in the cabin has never illuminated so perhaps it might not be armed. I wonder though if this might be acting as an immobiliser too, but I've not been able to find too much information about it online.



    I'm hoping for some suggestions on what I can investigate over and above what I've already done.



    Thanks
    Mike










    share|improve this question



























      3












      3








      3








      I have a 1.3 VW Golf running a Pierburg 2e3 carb which has been off the road for at least 7 years. The problem I currently have is that the engine immediately cuts out when the key is in the run position in the ignition. There are no issues starting the car it fires up straight away.



      Since owning the car, I've replaced the following with new parts:




      • Battery

      • Spark plugs

      • Ignition switch

      • Starter motor

      • In line fuel filter


      I've also stripped the carb (to the best of my ability) and replaced a couple of gaskets and diaphragms.



      The engine gets fuel. I've removed the hose to the carb whilst cranking and see a good flow. Checking the spark plugs and they're wet.



      I've not changed the ignition (HT) leads, but in my mind if the engine starts then they must be fine. Perhaps that is wrong? Likewise the ignition coil.



      The only time I have had the engine running for any length of time was when I sprayed carb cleaner in to the carb. It immediately stalled when I moved the throttle.



      One thing to note is that there is, I believe, a factory Quantum alarm installed. I don't have a fob for it, but the light in the cabin has never illuminated so perhaps it might not be armed. I wonder though if this might be acting as an immobiliser too, but I've not been able to find too much information about it online.



      I'm hoping for some suggestions on what I can investigate over and above what I've already done.



      Thanks
      Mike










      share|improve this question
















      I have a 1.3 VW Golf running a Pierburg 2e3 carb which has been off the road for at least 7 years. The problem I currently have is that the engine immediately cuts out when the key is in the run position in the ignition. There are no issues starting the car it fires up straight away.



      Since owning the car, I've replaced the following with new parts:




      • Battery

      • Spark plugs

      • Ignition switch

      • Starter motor

      • In line fuel filter


      I've also stripped the carb (to the best of my ability) and replaced a couple of gaskets and diaphragms.



      The engine gets fuel. I've removed the hose to the carb whilst cranking and see a good flow. Checking the spark plugs and they're wet.



      I've not changed the ignition (HT) leads, but in my mind if the engine starts then they must be fine. Perhaps that is wrong? Likewise the ignition coil.



      The only time I have had the engine running for any length of time was when I sprayed carb cleaner in to the carb. It immediately stalled when I moved the throttle.



      One thing to note is that there is, I believe, a factory Quantum alarm installed. I don't have a fob for it, but the light in the cabin has never illuminated so perhaps it might not be armed. I wonder though if this might be acting as an immobiliser too, but I've not been able to find too much information about it online.



      I'm hoping for some suggestions on what I can investigate over and above what I've already done.



      Thanks
      Mike







      engine electrical starting vw golf






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Mar 22 at 11:01







      Michael Van Rooyen

















      asked Mar 22 at 8:57









      Michael Van RooyenMichael Van Rooyen

      163




      163






















          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          3














          Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! I have a 1985 MK1 Golf Cabriolet running a Pierburg 2e2 which I've had a number of issues with so hopefully I can help.



          This car runs a mechanical fuel pump so if the engine is turning over, the fuel pump ought to be drawing fuel. The fact that it ran on carb cleaner suggests to me that it isn't getting fuel. It could very well be something like the needle valve is stuck closed, it may have a blocked jet or it may be an issue with the tiny fuel filter which is inserted inside the incoming fuel union on the top of the carburettor. However, one other thing to check is that the rubber "foot" upon which the carburettor is mounted isn't split or damaged.



          I have quite a bit of experience with these carburettors, you might want to have a read of some of the excellent resources online. Here is the manual for the 2e2 (largely similar). Here is an excellent, step-by-step trouble shooting guide. Sky Rocket Automotive has some fantastic youtube videos all about the Pierburg carburettor found in these vehicles.



          I fully realise that the idea of this site is to bring information here as opposed to linking to it but getting these carburettors to run reliably is quite a massive subject.



          Good luck, update your question with any results and stick an answer here if you solve the problem.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            Mar 22 at 13:04













          • If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

            – Steve Matthews
            Mar 22 at 13:20











          • Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

            – zipzit
            Mar 23 at 1:07











          • @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            2 days ago











          • An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

            – zipzit
            2 days ago














          Your Answer








          StackExchange.ready(function() {
          var channelOptions = {
          tags: "".split(" "),
          id: "224"
          };
          initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

          StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
          // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
          if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
          StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
          createEditor();
          });
          }
          else {
          createEditor();
          }
          });

          function createEditor() {
          StackExchange.prepareEditor({
          heartbeatType: 'answer',
          autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
          convertImagesToLinks: false,
          noModals: true,
          showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
          reputationToPostImages: null,
          bindNavPrevention: true,
          postfix: "",
          imageUploader: {
          brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
          contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
          allowUrls: true
          },
          noCode: true, onDemand: true,
          discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
          ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
          });


          }
          });














          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmechanics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f64775%2fmk2-golf-1-3-1985-cuts-out-after-starting%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown

























          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes








          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          3














          Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! I have a 1985 MK1 Golf Cabriolet running a Pierburg 2e2 which I've had a number of issues with so hopefully I can help.



          This car runs a mechanical fuel pump so if the engine is turning over, the fuel pump ought to be drawing fuel. The fact that it ran on carb cleaner suggests to me that it isn't getting fuel. It could very well be something like the needle valve is stuck closed, it may have a blocked jet or it may be an issue with the tiny fuel filter which is inserted inside the incoming fuel union on the top of the carburettor. However, one other thing to check is that the rubber "foot" upon which the carburettor is mounted isn't split or damaged.



          I have quite a bit of experience with these carburettors, you might want to have a read of some of the excellent resources online. Here is the manual for the 2e2 (largely similar). Here is an excellent, step-by-step trouble shooting guide. Sky Rocket Automotive has some fantastic youtube videos all about the Pierburg carburettor found in these vehicles.



          I fully realise that the idea of this site is to bring information here as opposed to linking to it but getting these carburettors to run reliably is quite a massive subject.



          Good luck, update your question with any results and stick an answer here if you solve the problem.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            Mar 22 at 13:04













          • If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

            – Steve Matthews
            Mar 22 at 13:20











          • Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

            – zipzit
            Mar 23 at 1:07











          • @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            2 days ago











          • An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

            – zipzit
            2 days ago


















          3














          Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! I have a 1985 MK1 Golf Cabriolet running a Pierburg 2e2 which I've had a number of issues with so hopefully I can help.



          This car runs a mechanical fuel pump so if the engine is turning over, the fuel pump ought to be drawing fuel. The fact that it ran on carb cleaner suggests to me that it isn't getting fuel. It could very well be something like the needle valve is stuck closed, it may have a blocked jet or it may be an issue with the tiny fuel filter which is inserted inside the incoming fuel union on the top of the carburettor. However, one other thing to check is that the rubber "foot" upon which the carburettor is mounted isn't split or damaged.



          I have quite a bit of experience with these carburettors, you might want to have a read of some of the excellent resources online. Here is the manual for the 2e2 (largely similar). Here is an excellent, step-by-step trouble shooting guide. Sky Rocket Automotive has some fantastic youtube videos all about the Pierburg carburettor found in these vehicles.



          I fully realise that the idea of this site is to bring information here as opposed to linking to it but getting these carburettors to run reliably is quite a massive subject.



          Good luck, update your question with any results and stick an answer here if you solve the problem.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            Mar 22 at 13:04













          • If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

            – Steve Matthews
            Mar 22 at 13:20











          • Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

            – zipzit
            Mar 23 at 1:07











          • @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            2 days ago











          • An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

            – zipzit
            2 days ago
















          3












          3








          3







          Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! I have a 1985 MK1 Golf Cabriolet running a Pierburg 2e2 which I've had a number of issues with so hopefully I can help.



          This car runs a mechanical fuel pump so if the engine is turning over, the fuel pump ought to be drawing fuel. The fact that it ran on carb cleaner suggests to me that it isn't getting fuel. It could very well be something like the needle valve is stuck closed, it may have a blocked jet or it may be an issue with the tiny fuel filter which is inserted inside the incoming fuel union on the top of the carburettor. However, one other thing to check is that the rubber "foot" upon which the carburettor is mounted isn't split or damaged.



          I have quite a bit of experience with these carburettors, you might want to have a read of some of the excellent resources online. Here is the manual for the 2e2 (largely similar). Here is an excellent, step-by-step trouble shooting guide. Sky Rocket Automotive has some fantastic youtube videos all about the Pierburg carburettor found in these vehicles.



          I fully realise that the idea of this site is to bring information here as opposed to linking to it but getting these carburettors to run reliably is quite a massive subject.



          Good luck, update your question with any results and stick an answer here if you solve the problem.






          share|improve this answer













          Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! I have a 1985 MK1 Golf Cabriolet running a Pierburg 2e2 which I've had a number of issues with so hopefully I can help.



          This car runs a mechanical fuel pump so if the engine is turning over, the fuel pump ought to be drawing fuel. The fact that it ran on carb cleaner suggests to me that it isn't getting fuel. It could very well be something like the needle valve is stuck closed, it may have a blocked jet or it may be an issue with the tiny fuel filter which is inserted inside the incoming fuel union on the top of the carburettor. However, one other thing to check is that the rubber "foot" upon which the carburettor is mounted isn't split or damaged.



          I have quite a bit of experience with these carburettors, you might want to have a read of some of the excellent resources online. Here is the manual for the 2e2 (largely similar). Here is an excellent, step-by-step trouble shooting guide. Sky Rocket Automotive has some fantastic youtube videos all about the Pierburg carburettor found in these vehicles.



          I fully realise that the idea of this site is to bring information here as opposed to linking to it but getting these carburettors to run reliably is quite a massive subject.



          Good luck, update your question with any results and stick an answer here if you solve the problem.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered Mar 22 at 10:06









          Steve MatthewsSteve Matthews

          20.4k23072




          20.4k23072













          • Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            Mar 22 at 13:04













          • If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

            – Steve Matthews
            Mar 22 at 13:20











          • Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

            – zipzit
            Mar 23 at 1:07











          • @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            2 days ago











          • An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

            – zipzit
            2 days ago





















          • Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            Mar 22 at 13:04













          • If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

            – Steve Matthews
            Mar 22 at 13:20











          • Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

            – zipzit
            Mar 23 at 1:07











          • @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

            – Michael Van Rooyen
            2 days ago











          • An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

            – zipzit
            2 days ago



















          Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

          – Michael Van Rooyen
          Mar 22 at 13:04







          Thanks for your help @Steve-Matthews. I'm interested in the idea that the needle value is stuck as I think that is probably something I can replace. I'd already checked the filter in the incoming union. My only instinct that it isn't a fuelling issue is that the engine turns over and fires up so quickly, it's only at the run position does the engine cut out.

          – Michael Van Rooyen
          Mar 22 at 13:04















          If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

          – Steve Matthews
          Mar 22 at 13:20





          If it starts and runs briefly, try removing the vacuum union that attaches to the TTV (Thermo Time Valve). Either that or disconnect the wiring to the TTV. If this causes the engine to run at a high idle (say circa 3000RPM), then reconnect the vacuum hose. Next step is boiling the waxstat. There is a video on the youtube channel regarding this. If that doesn't allow the car to idle, check that the throttle plate is resting on the 3 point unit and adjust the 13mm idle adjust at the rear of this unit.

          – Steve Matthews
          Mar 22 at 13:20













          Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

          – zipzit
          Mar 23 at 1:07





          Crack in plastic in the ignition switch? Been there done that, twice. Hint key ring weight matters.

          – zipzit
          Mar 23 at 1:07













          @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

          – Michael Van Rooyen
          2 days ago





          @zipzit - I've already changed the ignition switch which rules that out.

          – Michael Van Rooyen
          2 days ago













          An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

          – zipzit
          2 days ago







          An engine needs three things (plus) to run. Fuel, Air and spark. And there are quite a few paths for fuel to run thru the carburator. My guess is some parts of the carb are fine, while others are clogged with a micro amount of hardened old fuel (e.g. the accelerator 'pump' works fine, but not the venturi, normal flow system.) . Did you remove all the jets and needle valves when you did the rebuild? Note too, on some cars the ignition (spark system) runs differently in start mode, then it does in run mode. Possible to check that out?

          – zipzit
          2 days ago




















          draft saved

          draft discarded




















































          Thanks for contributing an answer to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair Stack Exchange!


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid



          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




          draft saved


          draft discarded














          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmechanics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f64775%2fmk2-golf-1-3-1985-cuts-out-after-starting%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown





















































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown

































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown







          Popular posts from this blog

          數位音樂下載

          When can things happen in Etherscan, such as the picture below?

          格利澤436b