古吉拉特语




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古吉拉特语

ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī
发音
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/gudʒ.(ə)'ɾat̪i/
区域
印度, 巴基斯坦, 南非共和國, 烏干達, 坦桑尼亞, 肯尼亞, 美國, 英國, 澳大利亞, 新西蘭, 斐濟, 加拿大, 贊比亞, 津巴布韋
母语使用人数
4.61千萬[1](日期不详)
語系

印欧语系

  • 印度-伊朗语族

    • 印度-雅利安语支
      • 西部印度-雅利安語
        • 古吉拉特语





文字
古吉拉特文
官方地位
作为官方语言
印度古吉拉特邦[1][2]
語言代碼
ISO 639-1
gu
ISO 639-2
guj
ISO 639-3
guj
Glottolog
guja1252[3]
語言瞭望站
59-AAF-h

Gujaratispeakers.png
Distribution of native Gujarati speakers in India


古吉拉特语ગુજરાતી,拉丁化:Gujarātī)属于印欧语系印度-伊朗语族的印度-雅利安语支,为印度22种官方语言与14种地区性语言之一,同时也是巴基斯坦少数民族语言。全球有大约4600万人讲这种语言,为世界上第23大语言。从使用的人群主要分布来看,印度4550万,乌干达15万,巴基斯坦10万,肯尼亚5万。


古吉拉特语为印度古吉拉特邦、联邦属地达德拉-纳加尔哈维利和达曼-第乌的主要语言,同时也是孟买古吉拉特人社区的语言,在北美和英国有众多讲古吉拉特语的居民。古吉拉特语也是印度国父圣雄甘地、巴基斯坦国父穆罕默德·阿里·真納和沙达·瓦拉汉·佩帖尔(被誉为铁人的印度首位内政大臣)的第一语言。




目录






  • 1 音系


  • 2 文法


  • 3 參考資料


  • 4 參考文獻


    • 4.1 字典


    • 4.2 語法


    • 4.3 課程


    • 4.4 語音


    • 4.5 概論


    • 4.6 老古吉拉特語


    • 4.7 其它




  • 5 外部連結





音系









































元音






i


u




e


o


ɛ


ə


ɔ




ɑ
























































































輔音


雙唇音

唇齒音

齒音/
齒齦音

卷舌音

齦後音/
硬腭音

軟腭音

聲門音

鼻音


m



n


ɳ




塞音


p



b





t̪ʰ




d̪ʱ



ʈ
ʈʰ



ɖ
ɖʱ




k



g



塞擦音







tʃʰ




dʒʱ




擦音





s




ʃ






ɦ

閃音




ɾ





近音



ʋ


l


ɭ


j





文法



古吉拉特語是一種頭-終結或左-分支語言。形容詞前導名詞,直接賓語先於動詞,并且它有后置詞。古吉拉特語的語序是SOV,并且它有三個性和兩個數。沒有定冠詞或不定冠詞。動詞表達為它的動詞詞根跟上標記文法體和呼應的後綴,以此叫做主形式,帶有從 to be 派生的可能的前導輔助形式,標記時態和語氣,并也展示呼應。使役式(直到雙重)和被動式有著構詞基礎。[4]



參考資料





  1. ^ 1.01.1 Gordon 2005


  2. ^ Dwyer 1995,第5页


  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Gujarati. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 


  4. ^ Mistry 2001,第276-277页




參考文獻


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字典



  • Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.


  • Deshpande英语Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.

  • Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.

  • Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.

  • Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.

  • Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.


  • Platts, J.T., A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, 1884 .


  • Suthar, B.英语Babu Suthar (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)


  • Turner, Ralph Lilley, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, 1966 .



語法




  • Cardona, George, A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965 .


  • Taylor, G.P., The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1908 .


  • Tisdall, W.S., A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, 1892 .



課程




  • Dave, Jagdish, Colloquial Gujarati 2004, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09196-9 .


  • Gujarati Literary Academy英语Gujarati Literary Academy UK, Text Books 1 to 5 1985, Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai, 1985 .


  • Dwyer, Rachel, Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995, (原始内容存档于2008-01-02) .


  • Lambert, H.M., Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press, 1971 .



語音




  • Dave, T.N., Notes on Gujarati Phonology, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1931, 6 (3): 673–678, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093174 .


  • Firth, J.R., Phonetic Observations on Gujarati, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1957, 20 (1): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00061802 .


  • Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Phonology, (编) Kaye, A.S., Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997 .


  • Pandit, P.B., Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels, Language, 1961, 37 (1): 54–66, doi:10.2307/411249 .


  • Turner, Ralph Lilley, Gujarati Phonology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921: 505–544 .


  • Turner, Ralph Lilley, Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1915: 1033–1038 .



概論




  • Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu, Gujarati, (编) Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5 .


  • Dalby, Andrew, Gujarati, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11568-7 .


  • Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, (编) Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 .


  • Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, (编) Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, 2001 .



老古吉拉特語



  • Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0


  • Brown, W.N., An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1938, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192 .

  • Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6

  • Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43–45.



其它




  • Gajendragadkar, S.N., Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay, 1972 .


  • Masica, Colin, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2 .


  • Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Writing, (编) Daniels; Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996 .




外部連結















  • Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources

  • UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati

  • Gujarati Wiktionary


  • Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages英语Central Institute of Indian Languages.

  • English to Gujarati Dictionary






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