How to decide convergence of Integrals
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I got this doubt while evaluating the integrals:
$$I=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{2}}ln(sin x)sin xdx$$ and
$$J=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{4}}csc xdx$$
Now even though the integrand $f(x)=ln(sin x)sin x$ is not defined at $x=0$ which is the lower limit, still it has a finite answer.
But integrand in $J$ is not defined at $x=0$ and integral is infinite.
So how to identify without explicitly evaluating?
integration algebra-precalculus convergence
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add a comment |
$begingroup$
I got this doubt while evaluating the integrals:
$$I=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{2}}ln(sin x)sin xdx$$ and
$$J=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{4}}csc xdx$$
Now even though the integrand $f(x)=ln(sin x)sin x$ is not defined at $x=0$ which is the lower limit, still it has a finite answer.
But integrand in $J$ is not defined at $x=0$ and integral is infinite.
So how to identify without explicitly evaluating?
integration algebra-precalculus convergence
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Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I got this doubt while evaluating the integrals:
$$I=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{2}}ln(sin x)sin xdx$$ and
$$J=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{4}}csc xdx$$
Now even though the integrand $f(x)=ln(sin x)sin x$ is not defined at $x=0$ which is the lower limit, still it has a finite answer.
But integrand in $J$ is not defined at $x=0$ and integral is infinite.
So how to identify without explicitly evaluating?
integration algebra-precalculus convergence
$endgroup$
I got this doubt while evaluating the integrals:
$$I=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{2}}ln(sin x)sin xdx$$ and
$$J=int_{0}^{frac{pi}{4}}csc xdx$$
Now even though the integrand $f(x)=ln(sin x)sin x$ is not defined at $x=0$ which is the lower limit, still it has a finite answer.
But integrand in $J$ is not defined at $x=0$ and integral is infinite.
So how to identify without explicitly evaluating?
integration algebra-precalculus convergence
integration algebra-precalculus convergence
asked 2 days ago
Umesh shankarUmesh shankar
3,05931220
3,05931220
$begingroup$
Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago
$begingroup$
Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago
$begingroup$
Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Notice, however, that
begin{eqnarray}
lim_{xto0^+}ln(sin x)sin x&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{ln(sin x)}{csc x}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{cot x}{(-csc xcot x)}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}(-sin x)\
&=&0
end{eqnarray}
Here is the graph of $y=ln(sin x)sin x$
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$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For the second integral $J$, the integrand goes to $infty$ as $xto 0$. Roughly $frac{1}{sin x} = frac{1}{x}$. From the examples $int_0^1 x^{-a} dx$ we know that $a=1$ is divergent, albeit borderline so. Since
$$
sin x = x - frac{1}{3!}x^3 pm ...
$$
we have $sin x leq x$ for $x>0$ small (from elementary trigonometry, or since the tail of a (edit: convergent) alternating series with terms of decreasing value is dominated by any previous term). Thus $frac{1}{sin x} geq frac{1}{x}$ and the integral $J$ is divergent.
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add a comment |
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2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Notice, however, that
begin{eqnarray}
lim_{xto0^+}ln(sin x)sin x&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{ln(sin x)}{csc x}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{cot x}{(-csc xcot x)}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}(-sin x)\
&=&0
end{eqnarray}
Here is the graph of $y=ln(sin x)sin x$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Notice, however, that
begin{eqnarray}
lim_{xto0^+}ln(sin x)sin x&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{ln(sin x)}{csc x}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{cot x}{(-csc xcot x)}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}(-sin x)\
&=&0
end{eqnarray}
Here is the graph of $y=ln(sin x)sin x$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Notice, however, that
begin{eqnarray}
lim_{xto0^+}ln(sin x)sin x&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{ln(sin x)}{csc x}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{cot x}{(-csc xcot x)}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}(-sin x)\
&=&0
end{eqnarray}
Here is the graph of $y=ln(sin x)sin x$
$endgroup$
Notice, however, that
begin{eqnarray}
lim_{xto0^+}ln(sin x)sin x&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{ln(sin x)}{csc x}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}frac{cot x}{(-csc xcot x)}\
&=&lim_{xto0^+}(-sin x)\
&=&0
end{eqnarray}
Here is the graph of $y=ln(sin x)sin x$
edited 2 days ago
answered 2 days ago
John Wayland BalesJohn Wayland Bales
15.1k21238
15.1k21238
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
So does it mean if limit is finite at the end points, integral exists?
$endgroup$
– Umesh shankar
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
$begingroup$
In this case, the discontinuity at $x=0$ was a removable discontinuity. But such is not the case at $x=0$ for $csc x$ because of the vertical asymptote. However, even in the case where there is a vertical asymptote the integral may still converge. For example, $int_0^1dfrac{1}{sqrt{x}},dx$.
$endgroup$
– John Wayland Bales
2 days ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For the second integral $J$, the integrand goes to $infty$ as $xto 0$. Roughly $frac{1}{sin x} = frac{1}{x}$. From the examples $int_0^1 x^{-a} dx$ we know that $a=1$ is divergent, albeit borderline so. Since
$$
sin x = x - frac{1}{3!}x^3 pm ...
$$
we have $sin x leq x$ for $x>0$ small (from elementary trigonometry, or since the tail of a (edit: convergent) alternating series with terms of decreasing value is dominated by any previous term). Thus $frac{1}{sin x} geq frac{1}{x}$ and the integral $J$ is divergent.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For the second integral $J$, the integrand goes to $infty$ as $xto 0$. Roughly $frac{1}{sin x} = frac{1}{x}$. From the examples $int_0^1 x^{-a} dx$ we know that $a=1$ is divergent, albeit borderline so. Since
$$
sin x = x - frac{1}{3!}x^3 pm ...
$$
we have $sin x leq x$ for $x>0$ small (from elementary trigonometry, or since the tail of a (edit: convergent) alternating series with terms of decreasing value is dominated by any previous term). Thus $frac{1}{sin x} geq frac{1}{x}$ and the integral $J$ is divergent.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For the second integral $J$, the integrand goes to $infty$ as $xto 0$. Roughly $frac{1}{sin x} = frac{1}{x}$. From the examples $int_0^1 x^{-a} dx$ we know that $a=1$ is divergent, albeit borderline so. Since
$$
sin x = x - frac{1}{3!}x^3 pm ...
$$
we have $sin x leq x$ for $x>0$ small (from elementary trigonometry, or since the tail of a (edit: convergent) alternating series with terms of decreasing value is dominated by any previous term). Thus $frac{1}{sin x} geq frac{1}{x}$ and the integral $J$ is divergent.
$endgroup$
For the second integral $J$, the integrand goes to $infty$ as $xto 0$. Roughly $frac{1}{sin x} = frac{1}{x}$. From the examples $int_0^1 x^{-a} dx$ we know that $a=1$ is divergent, albeit borderline so. Since
$$
sin x = x - frac{1}{3!}x^3 pm ...
$$
we have $sin x leq x$ for $x>0$ small (from elementary trigonometry, or since the tail of a (edit: convergent) alternating series with terms of decreasing value is dominated by any previous term). Thus $frac{1}{sin x} geq frac{1}{x}$ and the integral $J$ is divergent.
edited 2 days ago
answered 2 days ago
user626368user626368
193
193
add a comment |
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
Comparison test is definite a way to go.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
2 days ago