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I am trying to run this code:

const int buttonPin = 7;     

const int ledPin13 =  13;      



int buttonState = 0;         

int lastButtonState = buttonState;

bool flag = true;



void setup() {

  // initialize the LED pin as an output:

  pinMode(ledPin13, OUTPUT);

  // initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:

  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);

}



void loop() {



  buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);





  if (buttonState = HIGH && lastButtonState != buttonState) {

    flag = !flag;

    if (flag){

      digitalWrite(ledPin13, LOW);

    } else {

      digitalWrite(ledPin13, HIGH);

    }

  }

}

on this SimulIDE model:

<circuit reactStep="50" animate="0" type="simulide_0.1" noLinStep="10" noLinAcc="5" speed="1000000">



Node-16: 

<item labelrot="0" y="-204" valLabRot="0" valLabelx="0" valLabely="0" hflip="1" vflip="1" x="-220" labelx="-16" labely="-24" Show_id="false" objectName="Node-16" itemtype="Node" id="Node-16" rotation="0"/>



Arduino Uno-4: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="true" valLabely="0" itemtype="Arduino" vflip="1" labelx="0" objectName="Arduino Uno-4" labely="-20" y="-244" Ser_Port="false" labelrot="0" rotation="0" Program="../../Google Drive/Active projects/SRL/Students/Damian2019/Simulation/20190409/noDelay_20190409/noDelay_20190409.ino.standard.hex" Ser_Monitor="false" id="Arduino Uno-4" valLabelx="0" Mhz="16" valLabRot="0" x="-148"/>



Resistor-3: 

<item Unit=" O" hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="6" itemtype="Resistor" Show_res="true" vflip="1" labelx="-12" objectName="Resistor-3" labely="-24" y="-164" labelrot="0" rotation="-90" Resistance="100" id="Resistor-3" valLabelx="-16" valLabRot="0" x="-220"/>



Push-2: 

<item labelrot="0" y="-308" valLabRot="0" valLabelx="0" valLabely="0" hflip="1" vflip="1" x="-100" labelx="-16" labely="-24" Show_id="false" objectName="Push-2" itemtype="Push" id="Push-2" rotation="0"/>



Connector-5: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="0" itemtype="Connector" vflip="1" startpinid="Resistor-3-lPin" labelx="-16" objectName="Connector-5" labely="-24" y="-148" endpinid="Arduino Uno-4-GND0" enodeid="Circ_eNode-6" labelrot="0" pointList="-220,-148,-220,-108,-140,-108" rotation="0" id="Connector-5" valLabelx="0" valLabRot="0" x="-220"/>



Connector-11: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="0" itemtype="Connector" vflip="1" startpinid="Push-2-rnod" labelx="-16" objectName="Connector-11" labely="-24" y="-308" endpinid="Arduino Uno-4-V5V" enodeid="Circ_eNode-12" labelrot="0" pointList="-84,-308,44,-308,44,-148,4,-148" rotation="0" id="Connector-11" valLabelx="0" valLabRot="0" x="-84"/>



Connector-9: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="0" itemtype="Connector" vflip="1" startpinid="Push-2-lnod" labelx="-16" objectName="Connector-9" labely="-24" y="-308" endpinid="Node-16-0" enodeid="enode-15" labelrot="0" pointList="-116,-308,-220,-308,-220,-204" rotation="0" id="Connector-9" valLabelx="0" valLabRot="0" x="-116"/>



Connector-15: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="0" itemtype="Connector" vflip="1" startpinid="Arduino Uno-4-PD7" labelx="-16" objectName="Connector-15" labely="-24" y="-172" endpinid="Node-16-1" enodeid="enode-15" labelrot="0" pointList="-140,-172,-172,-172,-172,-204,-220,-204" rotation="0" id="Connector-15" valLabelx="0" valLabRot="0" x="-140"/>



Connector-17: 

<item hflip="1" Show_id="false" valLabely="0" itemtype="Connector" vflip="1" startpinid="Node-16-2" labelx="-16" objectName="Connector-17" labely="-24" y="-204" endpinid="Resistor-3-rPin" enodeid="enode-15" labelrot="0" pointList="-220,-204,-220,-180" rotation="0" id="Connector-17" valLabelx="0" valLabRot="0" x="-220"/>



PlotterWidget-13: 

<item modal="false" childrenRect="" normalGeometry="" baseSize="" geometry="" sizeIncrement="" windowOpacity="1" windowModified="false" enabled="true" maximumSize="" childrenRegion="" maximumHeight="200" inputMethodHints="0" mouseTracking="false" minimumSize="" frameGeometry="" sizeHint="" windowIconText="" locale="" minimumSizeHint="" height="200" isActiveWindow="true" x="0" accessibleName="" layoutDirection="0" autoFillBackground="false" width="200" windowFilePath="" windowModality="0" maximized="false" sizePolicy="" MinVolt="-500" fullScreen="false" windowTitle="" windowIcon="" maximumWidth="1000" objectName="PlotterWidget-13" toolTip="" toolTipDuration="-1" focus="false" MaxVolt="500" palette="" font="MS Shell Dlg 2,8.25,-1,5,50,0,0,0,0,0" whatsThis="" pos="" minimumWidth="200" minimumHeight="200" size="" focusPolicy="0" itemtype="Plotter" updatesEnabled="true" accessibleDescription="" y="0" rect="" frameSize="" minimized="false" acceptDrops="false" styleSheet="" cursor="" visible="false" statusTip="" contextMenuPolicy="1"/>



SerialPortWidget-14: 

<item modal="false" childrenRect="" normalGeometry="" SettingsProp="COM1,0,3,0,0,0" baseSize="" geometry="" sizeIncrement="" windowOpacity="1" windowModified="false" enabled="true" maximumSize="" childrenRegion="" maximumHeight="170" inputMethodHints="0" mouseTracking="false" minimumSize="" frameGeometry="" sizeHint="" windowIconText="" locale="" minimumSizeHint="" height="141" isActiveWindow="true" x="0" accessibleName="" layoutDirection="0" autoFillBackground="false" width="313" windowFilePath="" windowModality="0" maximized="false" sizePolicy="" fullScreen="false" windowTitle="Settings" windowIcon="" maximumWidth="450" objectName="SerialPortWidget-14" toolTip="" toolTipDuration="-1" focus="false" palette="" font="MS Shell Dlg 2,8.25,-1,5,50,0,0,0,0,0" whatsThis="" pos="" minimumWidth="0" minimumHeight="0" size="" focusPolicy="0" itemtype="SerialPort" updatesEnabled="true" accessibleDescription="" y="0" rect="" frameSize="" minimized="false" acceptDrops="false" styleSheet="" cursor="" visible="false" statusTip="" contextMenuPolicy="1"/>



</circuit>

and I expect the LED to be turned on-off everytime I push the button, however the result is unstable:

I would appreciate if you could help me know if there is something wrong with my code or circuit and I should expect the same behavior on an actual hardware, or this is a simulation issue?

P.S.1. All file can also be downloaded from here.

P.S.2. I'm using this example from Arduino.org website.

P.S.3. I also tried using an actual Arduino, also implementing the suggestions below. However the issue is not resolved. You may see the video here.

Certain Changes in your code:

const int buttonPin = 7;     

const int ledPin13 =  13;      



int buttonState = 0;         

int lastButtonState = buttonState;

bool flag = true;



void setup() {

  // initialize the LED pin as an output:

  pinMode(ledPin13, OUTPUT);

  // initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:

  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);

}



void loop() {



  buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);





  if (buttonState == HIGH && lastButtonState != buttonState) {

    lastButtonState = buttonState;

    flag =!flag;

    if (flag){

      digitalWrite(ledPin13, LOW);

    } else {

      digitalWrite(ledPin13, HIGH);

    }

  }

}

Secondly your hardware model is not good.
ANODE of LED must be connected to PIN13 and Cathode to GND. And switch must be placed between 3.3 V and Pin7 only.
In your model by closing switch you are shorting 3.3V and GND. If you had provided an external pullup then you should use at minimum a 4.7K resistor value. 100ohm never works.

I don't have software for Design so I used Paint and made a sketch for you.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

I identify a few problems here:

• The 100 Ohm pulldown resistor for the button is way too low. 1 kOhm to 100 kOhm is typically used here.


• 
  if( buttonState = HIGH ) does not compare, it assigns buttonState to HIGH (overwriting the value read with digitalRead(buttonPin)). Use the compare-for-equality operator == here, otherwise the if just checks if buttonState has been assigned a "truthlike" value (incidentally, HIGH is one of them).


• As others have already commented, lastButtonState must be set somewhere after the if-block!

Since many Arduinos do have pullup resistors built in, I'd say: drop the resistor completely, instead initialize the button input pin (7) to use its built-in pullup resistor ... this will invert the logic and you'll have to connect the button between pin 7 and GND (i.e. swapping button and resistor), though:

    pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

This will have the same result as if you replaced the 100 Ohm resistor with a 20 kOhm resistor after swapping button and resistor -- but that resistor is now inside the Arduino. (Take care if you use "Arduino-compatible" boards; sometimes they lack the pullup resistors or have them fixed!).

There still is one problem: bouncing. Pressing a mechanical button leads to the contacts inside the button to bounce a bit against each other, leading to a very fast HIGH-LOW-HIGH-LOW-etc signal before it settles on the target state. You can alleviate this a bit by adding a delay(5) at the end of your loop(), but using a button library (e.g. Button, available in the Arduino IDE Library Manager) that debounces the signal will lead to better results most of the time.

This will lead to this code (also including the ternary operator hint by Michel Keijzers):

const int buttonPin = 7;     

const int ledPin13 =  13;      



int buttonState = 0;         

int lastButtonState = buttonState;

bool flag = true;



void setup() {

  // initialize the LED pin as an output:

  pinMode(ledPin13, OUTPUT);

  // initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:

  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

}



void loop() {

  buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);



  if (buttonState == LOW && lastButtonState != buttonState) {

    flag = !flag;

    digitalWrite(ledPin13, flag ? LOW : HIGH);

  }



  lastButtonState = buttonState;

  delay(5);

}

This should do the trick (I didn't try it, though).

There are already great answers, but I also found out about the interrupt functionality:

const byte ledPin = 13;

const byte interruptPin = 2;

volatile byte state = LOW;



void setup() {

  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(interruptPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(interruptPin), blink, FALLING);

}



void loop() {

  digitalWrite(ledPin, state);

}



void blink() {

  state = !state;

}

some point:

• no matter using interrupt or the methods above tho process will not achieve stable / deterministic result. The issue lies in the hardware of the push-button and there will be fluctuations which can be interpreted by the MCU. One way to alleviate is to use delay.


• The


• 
  attachInterrupt has four modes LOW, Change, FALLING and RISING. The FALLING and RISING modes are the one to be used. the other two also lead to very unpredictable result.


• Only pins 1 and 2 can be used for interrupts.


• There is also the option to mix the two methods which you can see here, but I'm not sure if it will improve the stability.

I used this video and information on this page.

This is a comment (but could not use text alignment in a comment):

Instead of

if (flag){

  digitalWrite(ledPin13, LOW);

} else {

  digitalWrite(ledPin13, HIGH);

}

You can use:

digitalWrite(ledPin13, flag ? LOW : HIGH);

(It is functionally 100% equal though).