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I took a test with the following question:

__________has changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.


a. Little

b. Some

c. Few.

Now, I know that the correct answer is little, but why specifically can't I use few here? What is the rule for this?

Also, it seems to me that we could make a sentence like

Few have survived fighting polar bears barehanded.

So, could someone kindly explain why we can't use few in the example?

We use "little" for uncountable nouns and "few" for countable nouns.

In your sentence

Little has changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.

The general situation has changed a bit. And "general situation" is an uncountable noun, therefore "little" is correct.

In your second sentence

Few have survived fighting polar bears barehanded.

"Few have survived" implies few people have survived, and you can count people.

This sentence would work:

Few have changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.

The difference is that few requires a plural verb form. Few has is ungrammatical, but few have is fine.

Note the subtle difference in meaning based on the words that could be implied to exist but that have been left out:

Little [of anything] has changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.

Versus:

Few [people / things] have changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.

The subject goes from something general to something more specific.

However, the multiple choice question didn't use have as its second word; it used has. With has, few isn't an option.

____ has changed at work since the last employee survey was carried out.

Both "few" and "little" occur as fused determiner-heads, but the former only occurs with personal plural nouns, as in Few would disagree with the decision, where we understand "few people".

By contrast, paucal "little" occurs with non-personal nouns, as in your example.

Your example sentence is perfectly fine.

The more-common problem is people misusing "less" when they should be using "fewer."

"I like leaving early because there are less cars on the road."

WRONG. There are fewer cars on the road. Saying "less cars" is as wrong as saying "I'd like fewer syrup on my pancakes, please."

The most-frequently-encountered misuse of "less" is probably at the grocery store's express lane: "15 items or less." There's a video of Weird Al online somewhere, showing him bringing a replacement sign to the store and putting it over the incorrect one.