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Is there a repository containing packages for old versions of gcc, for the latest Ubuntu. I want to install gcc3 alongside gcc 4, for programs that need gcc3 specifically.

Or alternatively to the Debian snapshots Elazar posted in his answer, you can use the Ubuntu package repositories for the older Ubuntu releases: http://packages.ubuntu.com

Add them to the /etc/apt/sources.list as Elazar already described:

deb     http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy universe

deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy universe

The Hardy Universe repository is the one that contains gcc-3.4.

You can use debian snapshots. Add the following lines to /etc/apt/sources.list

deb     http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian/20070730T000000Z/ lenny main

deb-src http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian/20070730T000000Z/ lenny main

deb     http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian-security/20070730T000000Z/ lenny/updates main

deb-src http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian-security/20070730T000000Z/ lenny/updates main

Now do

$ apt-get update

$ apt-get install g++-3.4

And you're set!

This works for many other old packages, make sure you select the correct timestamp, look for the correct one at snapshots.debian website.

You can add gcc-4.4 (or any version between 4.4 and 8) on Ubuntu 16.04 via the (Toolchain test builds PPA)

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt install gcc-4.4

As an aside, if you need to emulate gcc-4.4 on RH6, build your target program with

make CC="gcc-4.4 -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE"

For 4.2.3 I had to add

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security main

to my /etc/apt/sources.list

Reference1, Reference2

gcc-3.3 is available in all current stable releases (In lucid, it is available in lucid-backports)

List of binaries available per release

You can see the above list with the following commands:

Source package list:

rmadison gcc-3.3

Source and binary list:

rmadison gcc-3.3 -S

For GCC 3.4 the correct source url is as below, since the old ones are moved into old-releases.ubuntu.com.
Thanks to @Ignitor for the main pointer

edit

/etc/apt/sources.list

for breezy, dapper, edgy, feisty, gutsy, hardy etc

    deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy universe

    deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ hardy universe

from xenial

    apt update

    apt install gcc-3.4

On Ubuntu 18.04, I did:

sudo apt install gcc-opt

to install gcc-3.3, gcc-3.4, and gcc-4.0

https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gcc-opt