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I am looking for a word I came across but forgot to note down. It describes that multiple pathways can lead to the same outcome — not in terms of physical paths but rather in terms of an abstract state being reached.

The word is academic English and to me it seemed to originate from Latin (I think something with equi...). I have been unsuccessfully searching for it for a while now.

I am not trying to portray the fact that all pathways have the same outcome. Rather, we see one outcome and there might be different pathways leading to it (i.e. looking from the perspective of the outcome back — trying to explain that it can have different pathways). Refer to this academic paper — just read the abstract — to get an idea.

Perhaps equifinality? From Wikipedia,

Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state
can be reached by many potential means. Also meaning that a goal can
be reached by many ways.

And from Merriam-Webster:

the property of allowing or having the same effect or result from
different events

While 'equifinality' seems to be the term you were looking for, I thought I'd mention an adjective that's sometimes used to express the same idea: convergent.

From Merriam-Webster:

1. tending to move toward one point or to approach each other (convergent lines)


2. exhibiting convergence in form, function, or development (convergent evolution)


3. 
   
   1. of an improper integral : having a value that is a real number
   
   
   2. characterized by having the nth term or the sum of the first n terms approach a finite limit
   
   

The usage in convergent lines (first meaning) clearly matches the idea that multiple lines (paths, if you will) can reach a common point, without implying that all lines will.

The second meaning is better exemplified in Wikipedia's description:

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. ... The recurrent evolution of flight is a classic example, as flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are analogous, whereas homologous structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions.

Different metaphorical paths can lead to the same outcome, e.g. flight. Interestingly, in this usage the eventually reached states don't have to be the exact same ones - only that they need to show analogous features or effects.

The third meaning is from mathematics, where it's not always clear that different paths exist. In most math-related cases it's probably better to think of convergent as a technical term. However, a clear example of multiple paths leading to the same number can be found in the convergence of random numbers. Most straightforwardly, if you repeatedly roll a fair die and calculate the average of all rolls, this will eventually converge to 3.5, no matter the order of the rolls.

For more examples see Wikipedia's disambiguation page for convergence. Do note that not all those terms necessarily mean that a common goal is reached, however.

'reconvergent': Multiple paths may diverge, but ultimately they reconverge.

(You did qualify "not in terms of physical paths but rather in terms of an abstract state being reached", but I don't understand, can you give a specific for-instance? what is an abstract path to an abstract state like? I read your reference and I'm none the wiser. For the broader sense where there isn't any actual physical path, I would just say "equivalent" or "having the same effect")

"There's more than one way to skin a cat" isn't a single word, but it is an idiom with this meaning.